[This is a short essay on The Second Commandment I gave to a class I taught. My view is that of The Westminster Larger Catechism; it is also shared by J.I. Packer and defended in his modern classic, Knowing God. It is unpopular, to be sure.]
4 "You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, 6 but showing love to a thousand generations of those who love me and keep my commandments"--Exodus 20:4-6.
This is part of The Westminster Larger Catechism statement pertaining to this commandment:
"Question 109: What are the sins forbidden in the second commandment?
Answer: The sins forbidden in the second commandment are, all devising, counseling, commanding, using, and anywise approving, any religious worship not instituted by God himself; tolerating a false religion; the making any representation of God, of all or of any of the three persons, either inwardly in our mind, or outwardly in any kind of image or likeness of any creature: Whatsoever; all worshiping of it, or God in it or by it; the making of any representation of feigned deities, and all worship of them, or service belonging to them; all superstitious devices, corrupting the worship of God, adding to it, or taking from it, whether invented and taken up of ourselves, or received by tradition from others, though under the title of antiquity, custom, devotion, good intent, or any other pretense: Whatsoever; simony; sacrilege; all neglect, contempt, hindering, and opposing the worship and ordinances which God has appointed."
This command forbids any representation of God in images. It is not meant to merely forbid the worship of images. The first commandment already did that by denying other gods. Rather, this command forbids worshiping the true God in a false way. Aaron along with the people (Ex. 32:4) and Jeroboam (1 Kings 12:28) wrongly depicted the God they claimed to serve. When God gave the Decalogue, God spoke and wrote. His appearance was irrelevant. This was also true when God spoke to Moses from the bush (Exodus 3). Therefore, Deuteronomy 4 says this:
15 You saw no form of any kind the day the LORD spoke to you at Horeb out of the fire. Therefore watch yourselves very carefully, 16 so that you do not become corrupt and make for yourselves an idol, an image of any shape, whether formed like a man or a woman, 17 or like any animal on earth or any bird that flies in the air, 18 or like any creature that moves along the ground or any fish in the waters below. 19 And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the stars—all the heavenly array—do not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven. 20 But as for you, the LORD took you and brought you out of the iron-smelting furnace, out of Egypt, to be the people of his inheritance, as you now are.—Deut. 4:15-20.
In the Bible, God sometimes uses images expressed in words to describe who he is. Sometimes anthropomorphisms are used. That is not what the second commandment prohibits. What is anathema is when humans make an image of the divine. They do this for their own control, to domesticate God, so to speak. This corrupts our theological understanding, since no human-shaped image is adequate. Consider the plethora of Scriptures against idolatry. But what is the evil of an idol? Is it that merely it represents a false god, a god of fertility or war? No. The evil of an idol is that it attempts the impossible by merely mortal means: to represent God truly through a graphic image. So, The Apostle John exhorts us: "Dear children, keep yourselves from idols"—I John 5:21.
Romans, chapter one explains the descent into debauchery has having its genesis in a false view (literally) of God:
21 For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like mortal human beings and birds and animals and reptiles.—Romans 1:21-23
Before pagan philosophers in Athens, Paul said this:
16 While Paul was waiting for them in Athens, he was greatly distressed to see that the city was full of idols. . . 29 Therefore since we are God's offspring, we should not think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone—an image made by human design and skill. 30 In the past God overlooked such ignorance, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent. 31 For he has set a day when he will judge the world with justice by the man he has appointed. He has given proof of this to everyone by raising him from the dead—Acts 17.
Calvin notes that the mercy seat was “so constructed as to suggest that the best way to contemplate the divine is where minds are lifted above themselves with admiration,” since the cherubim wins covered it and the veil shrouded it (Ex. 25:17-21).
These considerations, however, do not exclude all representational art. May it never be! The Tabernacle and Temple contained divinely-mandated representations of things like pomegranates and angels, but no representations of God himself. On this, see Francis A. Schaeffer, Art and the Bible (InterVarsity Press)and Ryken, Art for God’s Sake (Crossway, 2006).
For more on the prohibition of images, see John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book 1, chapters 11-12; J. Douma, The Ten Commandments (P&R Publishing, 1996).
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10 comments:
What do you think of the Triquetra used as a symbol of the trinity? For such a symbol does not seem to be a representation, but rather and analogical symbol. Is there a difference between a something symbolic and a representation in your view?
If it is symbolic, that seems to be in a different category, but I am not familiar with this. Can you give a web page with an example?
I like D. A. Armstrong's question. You can see that symbol on wikipedia. This is similar to the approach that Muslims have taken to representing God in art; he is represented using geometrical shapes that stand as analogies for divine attributes like perfection and eternity. (You probably have more knowledge of that than I do!)
Dear Dr. Groothuis,
Good to read this. Yesterday, I talked with a friend of mine (who was at the Forum as well) and we were discussing this very issue. What is your opinion on movies about the life of Jesus? Is not depicting of Jesus via human actor specifically chosen by a human agent, an act of making an image of a person of the Trinity?
Am wondering if you want to tie in the much more significant decision of the church that icons are not in violation of the Decalogue.
There are indeed icons of the Trinity and Jesus as you well know. Yet the church (and not just Calvin and his handful of followers) decided that these were permitted.
One should also note that in (Eastern) Orthodoxy at least icons were painted without depth thus differentiating icons from images of humans, strictly speaking.
In other words I find Calvin profoundly unhelpful here because he does not deal with the Bible as interpreted through the centuries. (Perhaps he deals with the Councils elsewhere?)
Doug, it's scary how much we agree on. I concur with you on the 2nd commandment and with much (most) of what you write here. I even "amened" most of your 49 Propositions. There were a couple that I can't agree on and you can probably guess which they are. Hint: I was Roger Nicole's pastor for 10 years and we disagreed on the same one. :-)
Well, fair enough. But what does that actually mean for us today - how should that be applied? Does that mean that all our meetings should be solely word-based? Does it mean we shouldn't use images to illustrate points in sermons? Does text formatting count as image?
Very good statement on a very difficult concept. I have tended to summarize my understanding of images in harmony with J.I. Packer’s statement from Knowing God: images misrepresent God, and they mislead men. It is impossible for men to create an image of God that truly represents Him (Isa. 40:8), and this misrepresentation of God invariably leads men to thoughts of God that are unbalanced and therefore incorrect and which are then reflected in practice (cf. the bull image of Exodus 32).
It is noteworthy, though, that we were created with graphically oriented minds. We are drawn to mental depictions of the abstract, as well as spiritual persons and issues. I think the point of the Second Commandment is, in part, to remind us that God, the Objective and Unseen Reality, is true and that our depictions of Him, mental or physical, in this life are fallible and potentially problematic. One day, when we are changed, we will see Him in truth. Today, as creatures who are drawn to re-create God in our image, we must anchor our images to the Text.
Q: What does this mean for us today?
A: At the very least, it tells us something essential about ourselves. It speaks to the reality that all humans, without exception, are made to be worshippers. As divine image bears we are designed for worship. Whether God, gods, self, others, fame, fortune, technologies, nothing, everything, et al. there is one and only one summum bonum that we will serve.
The 2nd commandment forces us to face that reality and "choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve" (Joshua 24:15).
By your argument, though, we cannot create artistic portrayals of the Christ, as He is God.
I have trouble with the implications here. It seems the line is thin indeed, and easily blurred. For the artists who worship God in their creating? For those who allow the art to, as Tillich said, transport to another realm of reality, to usher them into God's presence? Many of us permit the aesthetic experience to do so while fully cognizant that it is not the art that we worship, but the God it represents. The same experience can be found in appreciating a sunset on a beach, or listening to the birds in the mountains. I haven't researched this in depth, but my gut tells me this is a sweeping generalization.
Or, perhaps I'm just troubled because you degraded Schaffer by mentioning Calvin in the same article as him :-)
Interesting, yet disturbing...
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